Geodesic dome

1 What is Geodesic
2 Origins of the geodesic dome
3 The first geodesic dome
4 The first Bucky geodesic dome
5 The Climatron®
6 Efficiency
7 Uses of geodesic domes
8 Components
9 Examples of geodesic domes
10 Related articles on Designing Buildings

[edit] What is Geodesic

The word geodesic is Latin and means earth dividing and mathematically means the shortest path between two points on any mathematically defined surface. In theories or relativity, a geodesic describes the notion of the straight line to a curved space-time, the idea that falling or freely moving particles travel along a line or a geodesic.

[edit] Origins of the geodesic dome

The geodesic dome forms curved shapes from straight lines that frame surfaces. The name geodesic dome itself, is said to be attributed to Buckminster Fuller, who first used the term regularly and who revisited the form, as a construction technique, improving design and material efficiency sufficiently to patent and popularise its use. Today one might describe three forms of geometry as hyperbolic (concave lines), elliptic (convex lines) or Euclidian (parallel straight lines).

However as early as 600 BC theorists who's work was based on and around the teachings and beliefs of Pythagoras (570-495 BC) called the Pythagoreans, investigated the segments of volumetric shapes. This work developing segmented forms was further progressed by Plato (428-348 BC), further expending these forms, it was later recorded by Euclid (hence Euclidian) in around 300 BC in his thirteen books of Elements, in particular the final book XIII, describing regular solids from the pyramid, to the octahedron, the icosahedron and the dodecahedron.

[edit] The first geodesic dome

In 1919 first ideas of physically constructing a geometric structure came from the physicist Walther Wilhelm Johannes Bauersfeld (1879-1959) after being approached by Oskar von Miller from the Deutsche Museums with his idea of building a planetarium. Whilst the first ever planetarium had taken 7 years before being completed in 1781, by Eise Eisinga, this was a physical construct built in the living room of his house, von Miller's was to be the first world's first projected planetarium for a paying public.

Bauersfeld, was at the time, chief executive officer for the German manufacturer of optical systems and opto-electronics, Zeiss founded in Jena, Germany in the mid 1800's. He proposed using the Icosaedron (as had been described by Plato) as a concrete shell structure to house the projection, and the first dome was patented and built in 1924 as a test demonstration on the roof of the Zeiss factory in Jena by Dykerhoff and Wydmann.

The test had proved such a success, with over 80,000 visitors, that a larger permanent dome structure, called The Wonder of Jena was built in the city and opened to the public in July 1926. This dome was also a concrete shell structural dome but only six centimeters thick with a diameter of 25 metres. Further examples were then built in Munich and Berlin, these were not only the first examples of what was then called a Ptolemaic Planetarium and the projection system called the Model I, but also effectively the earliest examples of built geodesic dome structures.

[edit] The first Bucky geodesic dome

The geodesic dome however is often attributed to the American engineer and architect Richard Buckminster Fuller (Bucky) who further developed the method in the late 1940s. These Geodesic domes consisted of a network of framed triangles providing a self-balanced structural framework that used minimal materials, they were in some ways similar to the earlier concrete shell structures but more efficient in materiality.

Buckminster Fuller designed the geodesic dome following World War II as part of his experimentation to create affordable and efficient housing that could be built quickly from mass-produced parts, he built his own home as a prototype geodesic dome with his wife and lived there until 1971. These domes tended to be lightweight and in contrast to the previous domes theoretically easy to assemble and dis-assemble, similarly to the concrete domes they could also enclose large areas without requiring internal columns.

In 1953, Buckminster Fuller designed the first commercial dome for the Ford Motor Company headquarters in Michigan, after which he received a patent for the dome in 1954, it would enclose a central courtyard at the company’s imposing headquarters called the Rotunda. The gap over the courtyard was 93 feet (28 meters) across, so standard techniques would made the dome too heavy, crushing the supporting walls. Fullers design would weigh less than 10 tons, cost significantly less in materials and time, he finished the project ahead of schedule which gained him celebrity status. However a few years later, a team was sent to fix a suspected leak in the dome, and accidentally set the dome on fire totally destroying it.

Fuller viewed domes holistically and envisaged the possibilities of domes as ecosystem containers, even proposing a huge dome over part of Manhattan Island to moderate temperatures, equipped with air filters, it would improve health by lowering germ and virus counts. He also supplied a large number of domes to the US military which used them to cover radar stations (radomes) at installations around the Arctic Circle and lived all his life with his wife in the dome home he designed. In 1967 one of the most famous Bucky domes was the International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, a 76-meter dome, nearly 62 meters tall, serving as the architectural center piece to the fair it came to be known as the Montreal Biosphere.

[edit] The Climatron®

In 1960 another Bucky inspred was built, the Climatron® was one of the first geodesic domes to be used as a conservatory, and incorporating many of the principles of Buckminster Fuller, considered as the inventor of the geodesic system. The building was designed and developed by St. Louis architects Murphy and Mackey, and won the 1961 Reynolds Award in excellence for the its use of alumminum, and was named one of the 100 most significant architectural achievements in United States 15 years later. The term Climatron descrobed this early investigation into climate-control technology and the potential of bioshperes, with no interior support and no columns, it allowed more light and space per m2 for plants than conventional designs. It rose 20 metres at the center, with more than 50 metre spans and housing more than half an acre of internal space.

[edit] Efficiency

Geodesic domes are efficient structures in several ways:

They are based on a network of triangles which are very stable shapes. If a force is applied to the corner of a triangle, it will retain its form, whereas other shapes, such as rectangles, will distort. This means that geodesic dome buildings are strong and resistant to forces such as those from snow loads, earthquakes and wind.
The structural efficiency of geodesic domes means that they require less material than conventional buildings.
For the volume that they enclose, geodesic domes have a much smaller surface area than traditional 'box-shaped' buildings. This means there is a reduced area exposed to external temperature changes and so they can be less expensive to heat and cool.
The construction of geodesic domes can be very fast, and may not require the use of heavy equipment. This buildability is enhanced by the use of prefabricated components.

[edit] Uses of geodesic domes

It is believed that there are more than 300,000 geodesic domes around the world today. They can be constructed in a variety of sizes, with the largest being the 216m diameter Fukuoka Dome, a baseball stadium in Japan.

They are suitable for a wide range of uses: