Building information modelling BIM
[edit] What is building information modelling?
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a very broad term that describes the process for specifying, creating, and managing digital information about a built asset such as a building, bridge, highway or tunnel.
Fundamentally, the purpose of BIM is to ensure that appropriate information is created in a suitable format at the right time so that better decisions can be made throughout the design, construction and operation of built assets. It is not about creating a 3D model for its own sake, and it is not an add-on process. BIM is fundamental to the way a project is set up and run.
[edit] How is building information modelling defined?
ISO 19650:2019 defines BIM as the: 'Use of a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design, construction and operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions.'
Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030, Published by the Infrastructure and Projects Authority 13 September 2021, defines BIM as: ‘…a combination of process, standards and technology through which it is possible to generate, visualise, exchange, assure and subsequently use and re-use information, including data, to form a trustworthy foundation for decision-making to the benefit of all those involved in any part of an asset’s lifecycle. This includes inception, capital phase procurement and delivery, asset and facility management, maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimately an asset’s disposal or re-use.’
[edit] What is government policy on building information modelling?
In the UK, the Government Construction Strategy published in May 2011, stated that the '...government will require fully collaborative 3D BIM (with all project and asset information, documentation and data being electronic) as a minimum by 2016'. This represented a minimum requirement for Level 2 BIM on centrally-procured public projects from April 2016 where:
- Level 0: represented unmanaged CAD (Computer Aided Design).
- Level 1: represented managed CAD in 2D or 3D.
- Level 2: represented managed 3D environment with data attached, but created in separate discipline models.
- Level 3: represented single, online, project model with construction sequencing, cost and life-cycle management information.
BIM Level 2 was superseded by the UK BIM Framework in 2018.
The UK BIM Framework sets out the overarching approach to implementing BIM in the UK. It was developed jointly by the UK BIM Alliance, BSI and the Centre for Digital Built Britain to implement international BIM standards within a UK context.
The UK BIM Framework includes:
- The published standards called upon to implement BIM in the UK.
- The UK BIM Guidance Framework.
- Useful links to other resources.
[edit] What are the benefits of adopting building information modelling?
NBS has suggested that adopting BIM can cost a practice £10,000 per workstation (ref. NBS: National BIM report 2012). However, this depends on whether implementation is simply an exercise in buying hardware and software and then training staff to use it, or whether it is part of a wider process of business change.
The justification for this cost is in the value that adopting BIM brings to a project throughout its life-cycle.
The BIM Task Group was created to strengthen the public sector's BIM capability and provide the information the industry needed to meet the government's BIM requirement. It suggested that '...if successfully implemented, (BIM) will help organisations strip the waste from their processes which in many cases could be in the bandwidth of 20-30%' (ref. BIM Task Group FAQ's).
[edit] Has the construction industry adopted building information modelling?
The requirement for the adoption of BIM in the public sector has led to an increase in uptake, meaning that the UK now ranks alongside Singapore, USA and Scandinavia (in particular Finland) in terms of BIM usage. Adoption of BIM in the UK is most common among architects and larger contractors, while there is less adoption by services engineers, facilities managers and smaller contractors.
The 2012 NBS BIM survey found that 31% of respondents were using BIM. By the 2020 survey, this had increased to 73%.
However, the 2017 Construction Manager BIM survey revealed 49% of clients did not make BIM a requirement on projects, and only 20% said they asked for BIM Level 2 on all projects, and a survey of 173 manufacturers published by NBS in conjunction with the Construction Products Association (CPA) in November 2017, found that more than half felt the BIM mandate had not been successful because of a lack of rigorous enforcement. (ref. https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/nbs-manufacturers-bim-report-2017).
In May 2018, the NBS 2018 National BIM Report found that 62% did not think the government was enforcing the BIM mandate. Ref https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/the-national-bim-report-2018
The 2019, the NBS National BIM Report found that 69% of respondents were aware of and using BIM. However, the report suggested there was an emerging two-speed industry, and that there was a fall in awareness of government activity. https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/national-bim-report-2019
[edit] What are the characteristics of BIM?
BIM centres around the creation of employer's information requirements (EIR), which define the information that the employer wishes to procure in order to develop and operate a built asset. Setting this out in a contract document ensures that appropriate information is created in a suitable format at the right time.
Very broadly, building information that might be required is categorised as:
- 2D.
- 3D.
- 4D (including time / programme information).
- 5D (including cost information).
- 6D (including facilities management information).
For more information see: BIM dimensions.
At level 2 (the standard set by the government as a minimum requirement for public sector projects), building information models are likely to comprise a series of federated models prepared by different design teams, and including model files, documents and structured data files containing non-geometric information about the facility, floors, spaces, systems and components. Together these create a digital replica of the built asset that starts early in the project by representing design intent, but by handover, reflects what has actually been built and installed.
The creation of a geometric model as part of this process allows buildings to be conceived collaboratively and tested virtually, before they are built and operated for real. This should reduce the problems that are encountered in construction and occupation. See clash avoidance for more information.
These models are created from a series of parametric objects. Each object is defined only once and then placed in the model in multiple locations as required. If the object is then changed, these changes will appear throughout the model. This makes models automatically consistent and reduces errors. See parametric modelling for more information.
The common data environment (CDE), is the single source of information for the project, used to collect, manage and disseminate documentation, the graphical model and non-graphical data for the whole project team. Creating this single source of information facilitates collaboration between project team members and helps avoid duplication and mistakes.
[edit] What is the most popular building information modelling software?
According to the NBS National BIM Report 2020, the 5 most popular design tools used in the construction industry are:
- Autodesk Revit – (Architecture / Structures / MEP) 50%
- Graphisoft ArchiCAD 16%
- Autodesk AutoCAD 13%
- Autodesk AutoCAD LT 7%
- Vectorworks 4%
[edit] Protocols standards and tools
A number of reference protocols, standards and tools have been created in the UK to help the industry adopt level 2 BIM, including:
- PAS 1192-2 Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling. (Now replaced by BS EN ISO 19650).
- PAS 1192-3 Specification for information management for the operational phase of construction projects using building information modelling.
- BS EN ISO 19650. Organisation of information about construction works - information management using building information modelling.
- CIC BIM Protocol. This establishes specific obligations, liabilities and limitations on the use of building information models and can be adopted by clients to mandate particular working practices. It can be incorporated into appointments or contracts by a model enabling amendment.
- Uniclass2015. A classification system that can be used to organise information throughout all aspects of the design and construction process.
- Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The standard data format facilitating interoperability between different software systems.
- COBie (Construction Operations Building Information Exchange). A spreadsheet data format for the publication of a subset of building model information focused on delivering building information (rather than geometric modelling), such as equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists and preventive maintenance schedules. COBie presents information in a more accessible format, so that it is easier to use and re-purpose. This is essential to support operations, maintenance and asset management once the built asset is in service.
- BIM Toolkit. Developed by NBS, and offering a Digital Plan of Work to help define roles and responsibilities for preparing information and a verification tool to identify correctly classified objects and confirm that required data is present in the model.
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings
- Asset information requirements AIR.
- Blockchain in the built environment.
- BIM 2018-2026 market predictions.
- BIM and facilities management.
- BIM articles.
- BIM dimensions.
- BIM execution plan.
- BIM glossary of terms.
- BIM level 2.
- BIM maturity levels.
- BIM resources.
- Building drawing software.
- Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie).
- Collaborative practices.
- Common data environment.
- Data drops..
- Digital engineering.
- Digital information.
- Digital model.
- Employers information requirements.
- Enterprise asset management.
- Federated building information model.
- Government Construction Strategy.
- Government Soft Landings.
- Improving health and safety using BIM.
- Industry Foundation Classes.
- Information management.
- Information manager.
- Level of detail.
- MEP BIM and the building lifecycle.
- NBS Chorus.
- NBS National BIM Report 2020.
- PAS 1192-2:2013.
- PAS 1192-3:2014.
- Revit.
- Soft landings.
- Uniclass.
BIM Directory
[edit] Building Information Modelling (BIM)
[edit] Information Requirements
Employer's Information Requirements (EIR)
Organisational Information Requirements (OIR)
Asset Information Requirements (AIR)
[edit] Information Models
Project Information Model (PIM)
[edit] Collaborative Practices
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
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A comprehensive BIM standard protocol for projects has been produced by the Construction Industry Council CIC/BIM Pro first edition 2013. Published in February it can be downloaded free as a PDF document. It covers:*principles and how it works
"Between 1996 and 2006 there was a 25% increase in the retail price index cost with construction costs rising by 89%”. In a recent 2011 report by McGraw Hill, research showed that a quarter of large projects finish late and a fifth over budget by at least 15% with 11% resulting in legal disputes. Of the 35 multi-national firms interviewed 71% of respondents thought BIM (building information modelling) helped to decrease project risk by offering substantial opportunities to increase efficiency. In May 2011 the UK government announced a new Construction Strategy with the aim to“reduce whole-life costs of buildings and infrastructure by 20%, and achieve reductions in CO2 emissions” '...Government will require fully collaborative 3DBIM (with all project and asset information, documentation and data being electronic) as a minimum by 2016'
As a Project Manager I would be interested in discussing the challenges that arise from implementing BIM, what applicable software platforms are available and how BIM is evolving as a result of the Mandatory requirement imposed by the Government.