Last edited 08 May 2024

HPL cladding

The term 'cladding' refers to components that are attached to the primary structure of a building to form non-structural, external surfaces. This is as opposed to buildings in which the external surfaces are formed by structural elements, such as masonry walls, or applied surfaces such as render.

High Pressure Laminate (HPL) panels are a form of cladding typically manufactured by layering sheets of wood or paper fibre with a resin and bonding them under heat and pressure. They sometimes include additional chemicals to provide fire retardant properties and are available in a wide range of colours and finishes.

Panels which incorporate fire retardant chemicals are sometimes referred to as “FR grade” and these will typically achieve Class B-s1, d0. Panels manufactured without fire retardant chemicals are typically Class C or D, depending on the thickness of the panel.

Following the Grenfell Tower Fire and subsequent concerns regarding the fire performance of cladding panels (in particular Aluminium Composite Material (ACM) cladding), the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) conducted a BS8414 test of a cladding system comprising an HPL panel with fire retardant (Class B-s1, d0) together with stone wool insulation. This system achieved the performance criteria set out in BR135 Fire performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multistorey buildings. As a result, the MHCLG Expert Panel consider this combination of materials can be safe on existing buildings, depending on the composition of the entire cladding systems and how it is fitted.

However, the Expert Panel consider that systems using HPL panels of Class C or D are very unlikely to adequately resist the spread of fire. In addition, systems using any type of HPL panels (Class B, C or D) with combustible insulation are very unlikely to adequately resist the spread of fire. Building owners with these systems should immediately take action in line with Advice Note 14 (first published in December 2017 and updated in December 2018).

The Expert Panel considers the level of risk from unsafe HPL systems is not as high as the risk from unsafe systems using ACM Category 3 panels. Therefore, they advise that the immediate removal of unsafe systems using ACM Category 3 panels should be the priority, followed by immediate action to remediate unsafe HPL systems. However, for the avoidance of doubt they reiterate that both the removal of unsafe ACM Category 3 panels and action to remediate unsafe HPL systems should be carried out as soon as possible.

The Expert Panel states that it is not aware of any HPL panel meeting the requirements of the ban on the use of combustible materials in external walls which limits materials to products achieving a classification of Class A1 or A2-s1,d0, and so they should not be used in an external wall when carrying out building works on new residential buildings of 18m or more (i.e. new build, refurbishment of the external wall or a material change of use).

Ref https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/advice-for-owners-of-residential-buildings-with-hpl-systems

In May 2020, the government launched a £1billion fund to meet the cost of replacing unsafe non-ACM cladding systems on residential buildings in the private and social sector that are 18 metres and over and do not comply with building regulations. Ref https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-1-billion-building-safety-fund-to-remove-dangerous-cladding-from-high-rise-buildings

The prospectus for the fund suggested that unsafe non-ACM cladding might include: ‘…some types of other (non-Aluminium) metal composite panels, High Pressure Laminate, render and timber wall systems where these do not meet fire safety standards.’ Ref https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887452/BSF_Non-ACM_Cladding_Prospectus.pdf

On 10 February 2020, the Housing Secretary announced the government would pay for the removal of unsafe cladding for all leaseholders in residential buildings of 18 metres (6 storeys) and over in England. Lower-rise buildings, with a lower risk to safety, will also gain new protection with no leaseholder paying more than £50 a month towards the removal of unsafe cladding. Including previous announcements, this represents a £5 billion investment in building safety. A new tax will be introduced for the UK residential property development sector to raise at least £2 billion over a decade to help pay for cladding remediation costs. For more information see: Residential Property Developer Tax